Classification and determinants of passing difficulty in soccer: a multivariate approach.

INTRODUCTION: Usually, the players' or teams' efficiency to perform passes is measured in terms of accuracy. The degree of difficulty of this action has been overlooked in the literature. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to classify the degree of passing difficulty in soccer matches and to identify and to discuss the variables that most explain the passing difficulty using spatiotemporal data. RESULTS: The data used corresponds to 2,856 passes and 32 independent variables. The Fisher Discriminant Analysis presented 72.0% of the original grouped cases classified correctly. The passes analyzed were classified as low (56.5%), medium (22.6%), and high difficulty (20.9%), and we identified 16 variables that best explain the degree of passing difficulty related to the passing receiver, ball trajectory, pitch position and passing player. CONCLUSIONS: The merit and ability of the player to perform passes with high difficulty should be valued and can be used to rank the best players and teams.In addition, the highlighted variables should be looked carefully by coaches when analyzing profiles, strengths and weaknesses of players and teams, and talent identification context. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The values found for each variable can be used as a reference for planning training, such as small side games, and in future research.

Diálogos entre pedagogia do esporte e teoria do treinamento esportivo nas modalidades coletivas de invasão / Dialogues between sport pedagogy and theory of sport training in invasion team sports / Diálogos entre pedagogía del deporte y teoría del entrenamiento en los deportes colectivos de invasión

As modalidades coletivas de invasão têm sido investigadas a partir da complexidade, derivando dessas investigações propostas metodológicas de cunho sistêmico. Neste ensaio, à luz do pensamento complexo, aproximamos Pedagogia do Esporte e Teoria do Treinamento Esportivo e discutimos sobre possibilidades de integração das dimensões humanas nos processos de ensino/treino pela ótica interdisciplinar, como meio de tornar as tarefas de aprendizagem, as sessões de ensino/treino e os currículos de programas esportivos mais ecológicos e holísticos. Apresentamos alternativas de incremento de propostas metodológicas existentes e convidamos a comunidade acadêmica a refletirmos sobre a importância de investigações interdisciplinares e a necessidade de repensarmos a formação acadêmica rumo à transdisciplinaridade.

Invasion team sports have been investigated based on the complexity, and systemic methodological proposals have been derived from it. In this paper, in light of complex thinking, we approach Sport Pedagogy and Sport Training Theory to discuss possibilities for integrating human dimensions in teaching/training processes through an interdisciplinary perspective, as a means of making learning tasks, teaching/training sessions and sports programs curricula more ecological and holistic. We present some alternatives for updating existing methodological proposals, and invite the academic community to reflect on the importance of interdisciplinary research and the need to rethink higher education towards transdisciplinarity.

Los deportes colectivos de invasión se han investigado a partir de la complejidad con propuestas metodológicas sistémicas. En este ensayo, a la luz del pensamiento complejo, abordamos la Pedagogía Deportiva y la Teoría del Entrenamiento Deportivo y discutimos posibilidades de integración de las dimensiones humanas en los procesos de entrenamiento, a través de una perspectiva interdisciplinar, como medio para realizar tareas de aprendizaje, sesiones de enseñanza y los programas más ecológicos y holísticos. Presentamos posibilidades de incrementar las propuestas metodológicas existentes, y invitamos a la comunidad académica a reflexionar sobre la importancia de investigaciones interdisciplinarias y la necesidad de repensar la formación académica hacia la transdisciplinariedad.